Cell Response

Suarez-Carmona, Meggy, et al. "Harnessing lipid-driven immunometabolic pathways in omental metastases to enhance immunotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer." Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 11.1 (2026): 78. The article states “Similar to maraviroc and anti-CD36 treatment, depleting lipids from ascites associated macrophages (AAMs) by ‘skimming’ the ascites supernatants with Cleanascite™ led to a striking increase in cytokine production, indicative of macrophage activation.”

Plasma/Serum

Post-Stroke Immune Suppression is Mediated by Bioactive Lipids ”, An abstract describes the use of Cleanascite™ to compare stroke plasma, in ex vivo models of immune suppression.

Tumor microenvironment (TME)

Dyer A., Dudley R., Ahuja S. et al. Characterisation of human in vitro tumour-associated macrophage models to define translational relevance . Sci Rep (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-025-30224-w. Depletion of lipids with Cleanascite™ from tumor conditioned media confirmed that lipid factors are partly responsible for the polarization of Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs) towards a suppressive phenotype.

Dalangood, Sumiya et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes mediate CD8 + T cell dysfunction via FGF21-driven lipolysis Cell Reports, Volume 44, Issue 11, 116526. Through the selective depletion of lipids with Cleanascite™, it was determined that fatty acids released by cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) are critical for CD8 + T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment.

Curtin, Meghan C., et al. "Lean breast adipocytes secrete an oxylipin that suppresses breast cancer via ferroptosis ." bioRxiv (2025): 2025-07. Using Cleanascite™ for selective lipid depletion, the study pinpointed a bioactive oxylipin as a key tumor-suppressive factor.

Chu, Tianhao, et al. "Metabolism archetype cancer cells induce protumor TREM2+ macrophages via oxLDL-mediated metabolic interplay in hepatocellular carcinoma. " Nature Communications 16.1 (2025): 6770. Cleanascite™ lipid depletion abolished the induction of TREM2 and SPP1 in macrophages by tumor interstitial fluid (TIF), confirming that oxLDL mediates TAM polarization through the TREM2–SYK–CEBPα pathway.

Li, Xiaoyun, et al. " Tumor-instructed glutamine synthesis in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes pro-tumor macrophages." Journal of Experimental Medicine 222.9 (2025): e20241426. Lipid-depleted Tumor-conditioned media derived from Cleanascite™ significantly downregulated IL-6 and glutamine synthesis pathway genes in fibroblasts, impairing their ability to promote TAM polarization and immunosuppression.

Slattery, Karen, et al. " Uptake of lipids from ascites drives NK cell metabolic dysfunction in ovarian cancer. " Science Immunology 10.107 (2025): eadr4795. The article states: “To test whether uptake of polar lipids drives NK cell dysfunction in ascites, we depleted ascites of lipids using a lipid adsorption and clarification reagent (Cleanascite™) which caused widespread lipid depletion in ascites”. Removing lipids from ascites abrogated the suppression of the immune system by ascites.

Gurung et al., “Stromal lipid species dictate melanoma metastasis and tropism” 2025, Cancer Cell 43, 1108–1124 June 9, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2025.04.001. The article states “To verify lipids in YA secretomes lead to increased OXPHOS, we delipidated YA and OA secretomes with Cleanascite, before transferring the secretome to melanoma cells. This work adds to the growing evidence that extrinsic lipid cues from the microenvironment shape tumor cell behavior.

Cell Response

Toraason, Erik, et al. Caenorhabditis elegans avoids Todstoff, a novel nociceptive necrotaxis cue " bioRxiv (2026): 2026-02. In part through the use of Cleanascite™, a novel mode of post-mortem inter-animal chemical communication was uncovered to promote death avoidance.

Flury, Anna, et al. " A neurodegenerative cellular stress response linked to dark microglia and toxic lipid secretio n." Neuron (2024).

The brain’s primary immune cells, microglia, are a leading causal cell type in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Yet, the mechanisms by which microglia can drive neurodegeneration remain unresolved. The integrated stress response (ISR), characterizes a microglia subset with neurodegenerative outcomes. Mechanistically, evidence is presented that ISR activation promotes the secretion of toxic lipids by microglia, impairing neuron homeostasis and survival in vitro . Notably, eliminating lipids using an adsorbent resin (Cleanascite) abolished these toxic effects.

Dahal, Ankit, et al. " Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes immunosuppressive neutrophil differentiation within tumors ." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121.35 (2024): e2406748121.

Chronic inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment (TME) leads to the recruitment and differentiation of myeloid- derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Polymorphonuclear (PMN)- MDSCs, which are phenotypically and morphologically defined as a subset of neutrophils, cause major immune suppression in the TME. Despite recent advances in our understanding of PMN- MDSC functions, the mechanism that gives rise to immunosuppressive neutrophils within the TME remains elusive. To test the hypothesis that cancer-secreted mediators were lipids, we selectively depleted lipids from the cancer cell supernatant using a lipid-binding micelle kit (Cleanascite™) .

Wang, H., Yung, M.M., Xuan, Y. et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids promote M2-like TAM deposition via dampening RhoA-YAP1 signaling in the ovarian cancer microenvironment . Exp Hematol Oncol 13, 90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-024-00558-8. Tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs) are multi-polarized. However, the impact of omental conditioned medium/ascites (OCM/AS) on TAM polarization and its function in tumor progression remains elusive. The article states “Recent studies have suggested that lipid accumulation and metabolism are associated with the differentiation and activation of protumoral TAMs. Hence, we examined the lipid droplets (LDs) in MФs, which are cellular storage organelles for neutral lipids. … the removal of free fatty acids in OCM by Cleanascite™ attenuated LDs deposition in OCM-C MФs , indicating M2 MФs and OCM-MФs exhibited higher lipid accumulation and metabolism….Likewise, we demonstrated that the cellular ROS levels in OCM/AS-MΦs derived from PBMC MΦs were significantly upregulated, whereas the addition of Cleanascite™ mitigated the increased ascites-mediated ROS level , indicating that the accumulation of intercellular UFAs is responsible for the enhanced ROS production in OCM-MФs.” The article goes on to state “ In contrast, removing lipids by Cleanascite™ remarkably prevented the reduction of YAP1 in OCM-MΦs .

Zhu, Meilin, et al. " Vaginal Lactobacillus fatty acid response mechanisms reveal a metabolite-targeted strategy for bacterial vaginosis treatment ." Cell (2024). Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common syndrome characterized by Lactobacillus-deficient vaginal microbiota, is associated with adverse health outcomes. BV often recurs after standard antibiotic therapy in part because antibiotics promote microbiota dominance by Lactobacillus iners instead of Lactobacillus crispatus . Strategies to promote L. crispatus and inhibit L. iners are thus needed. This research shows that oleic acid (OA) and similar long-chain fatty acids simultaneously inhibit L. iners and enhance L. crispatus growth. The article states “ To prepare lipid-depleted MRS+CQ broth, four parts MRS+CQ broth was combined with one part Cleanascite™ …. The media supernatant was collected and re-sterilized.”

Zhang, T., Zhao, F., Hu, Y. et al . Environmental monobutyl phthalate exposure promotes liver cancer via reprogrammed cholesterol metabolism and activation of the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway. Oncogene (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-024-03086-1

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism is a molecular hallmark for not only cancer cells, but also tumor-associated immune cells. To study those abnormalities, the article states “ To investigate the role of lipids in regulating the macrophage function, we first employed Cleanascite to remove all lipids and lipoproteins from the conditioned media (CM) of HepG2 cells. Interestingly, lipid-depleted HepG2 CM significantly suppressed the migration ability of THP-1PMA cells both in control and MBP-exposed groups. Also, the expression of M2-type markers (such as CD206, CD163, and ARG1) in THP-1PMA cells dramatically decreased after lipid clearance, while the expression of M1-type markers was up-regulated…”

Flury, Anna, et al. " Integrated stress response associated with dark microglia promotes microglial lipogenesis and contributes to neurodegeneration ." bioRxiv (2024): 2024-03. The authors removed fatty acids, lipoproteins, lipid-membrane bodies, and other lipids from the SLB-conditioned media using Cleanascite™.

El-Hattab, Mariam Y., et al. "Native adiponectin plays a role in the adipocyte-mediated conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts ." Journal of the Royal Society interface 20.202 (2023): 20230004. “we depleted lipids (LD) and lipid-associated factors using Cleanascite and found the α-SMA inducing activity of ACM was also eliminated…”

Gudgeon, Nancy, et al. " Uptake of long-chain fatty acids from the bone marrow suppresses CD8+ T-cell metabolism and function in multiple myeloma. " Blood Advances (2023). The article states “… to probe a role for lipids in this suppressive activity of BM plasma, they were depleted from BM samples (through the use of Cleanascite™) and compared with lipid-replete BM samples.

Sinha, S., Aizawa, S., Nakano, Y. et al. Hepatic stellate cell stearoyl co-A desaturase activates leukotriene B4 receptor 2 - β-catenin cascade to promote liver tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 14, 2651 (2023). The article states “ Lipid removal from the <10 kDa filtrate with the lipid adsorption reagent (Cleanascite ^TM) abolished the TEAD promoter stimulatory activity…”

Albakri, Marwah M., et al. "Fatty acids secreted from head and neck cancer induce M2 ‐like Macrophages ." Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2022).

To assess depletion of fatty acids from tumor supernatants, tumor-conditioned medium was treated with Cleanascite according to the manufacturer’s instructions and prior to incubation with monocytes. The article states “Depletion of Fatty acids with Cleanascite from FaDu or SCC supernatants largely reversed the phenotypic changes in Macrophage s otherwise observed by incubating monocytes in these supernatants”.

Chan, David, et al. " Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Promote Protumoral Macrophage Polarization via a RhoA-YAP1 Signaling Pathway in the Ovarian Cancer Microenvironment ." (2022).

The article states “ To selectively remove lipids, Cleanascite™ Lipid Removal Reagent (Biotech Support Group) was added to the omental conditioned medium (OCM) according to the manufacturer’s suggestions. … Intriguingly, the removal of free fatty acids in OCM by the Cleanascite™ attenuated lipid droplets deposition in M2-like MΦs and OCM-MΦs (Fig. 4A), indicating protumoral M2-like TAMs exhibited higher lipid accumulation and metabolism in the fatty acid-enriched OCM or the malignant ascites.”

Pham, Ly, et al. " Neutrophil trafficking to the site of infection requires Cpt1a-dependent fatty acid β-oxidation ." Communications Biology 5.1 (2022): 1-13. The article states for lipid depletion “…cells were incubated with RPMI containing 0.5% FBS or with 10% FBS that had been treated with Cleanascite to remove lipids ”.

Jiang, Lifeng, et al. " Akt-Dependent Glycolysis-Driven Lipogenesis Supports Proliferation and Survival of Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension ." Frontiers in medicine 9 (2022)

The article states “ To achieve the lipid-deprived cell culture condition , cell culture grade fetal bovine serum (FBS) and BSA were delipidated using Cleanascite ™ …”

Yang, X. U. A. N., et al. " SCD1/FADS2 fatty acid desaturases equipoise lipid metabolic activity and redox-driven ferroptosis in ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells ." (2021).

The mechanisms underlying ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells dictating their lipid metabolic activities in promoting tumor progression remain elusive. The article states: “Compared with the negative controls (OCM pretreated with the lipid removal reagent, Cleanascite) , OvCa cells cocultured in the lipid-enriched OCM showed an increase of 18% in membrane fluidity.”

Pointner, Lisa, et al. " Birch pollen induces Toll-like receptor 4-dependent dendritic cell activation favoring T cell responses. " Frontiers in Allergy (2021): 42.

The article states “To remove the lipids in birch pollen extracts, Cleanascite™ was used …according to manufacturer's recommendations … in a ratio 1:1 (v/v). Importantly, “non-specific treatment-associated and cytotoxic effects were ruled out …as neither the protein digestion nor the lipid extraction procedure affected cell activation.”

Wang, Xueyu, et al. "Epigenetic Silencing of miR-33b Promotes Peritoneal Metastases of Ovarian Cancer by Modulating the TAK1/FASN/CPT1A/NF-κ B Axis." Cancers 13.19 (2021): 4795. The effective use of Cleanascite™ helped establish that “… depletion of fatty acids by Cleanascite in OCM significantly impaired ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion.”

Chen, Rain R., et al. " Targeting of lipid metabolism with a metabolic inhibitor cocktail eradicates peritoneal metastases in ovarian cancer cells ." Communications Biology 2 (2019).

The article states: ”To determine whether fatty acids in OCM are the primary energy source, fatty acids from OCM was first removed by Cleanascite™ Lipid Removal Reagent... Then, XTT cell proliferation assays showed that the growth rate of ovarian cancer cells was remarkably reduced in cells cultured in Cleanascite™-treated OCM. Likewise, co-treatment with Cleanascite™ and OCM significantly attenuated the increased cell migration and invasion capacities of ES-2 and SKOV3 cells .”.

Lee, Hong-Jai, et al. "Regulatory effect of humoral milieu on the viral DNA and surface antigen expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro. " Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 15.2 (2019): 123-128. The levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA were significantly decreased with lipid removal by Cleanascite™ in mouse serum rather than human serum”.

Dean, E. Danielle, et al. "Interrupted glucagon signaling reveals hepatic α cell axis and role for L-glutamine in α cell proliferation. " Cell metabolism 25.6 (2017): 1362-1373. The article states “For lipid removal, whole mouse serum was treated with Cleanascite™ prior to islet. Lipid removal was validated by HPLC to remove 99% of all phopsholipids, cholesterols, and triglycerides ….”.

Monoclonal Antibodies/Ascites

Testa, Anna, et al. " TARGETING THE αVβ3/NgR2 PATHWAY IN NEUROENDOCRINE PROSTATE CANCER ." Matrix Biology (2023).

The article states “LM609 purification was performed as previously described. Briefly, LM609 ascites was cleaned with Cleanascite …, and recirculated over a Protein A column.”

Shapiro, Scott, et al. " Immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans protect mice deficient in complement component C3 ." Infection and immunity 70.5 (2002): 2598-2604.

“The ascites fluid was collected and centrifuged to remove cells. Lipids and cell debris were removed with Cleanascite .”

Tissue Proteomics

Thomas, R., et al. " Toxicological Profile of Chemical Interference of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism via Deiodinase Enzymes In a Rodent Model ." Toxicological Sciences (2025): kfaf141. In part through the addition of Cleanascite™, optimization of the LC-MS/MS based assay described here permitted precise estimates of deiodinase action relative to alternative approaches and offers new insights into the broader implications of chemical interference.

Tissue Proteomics

Guldner, Ian H., et al. "Synaptic proteins that aggregate and degrade slower with aging accumulate in microglia ." bioRxiv (2025): 2025-05. To characterize homogenized mouse brain tissues to evaluate proteome turnover with aging, the article states “Lipids were removed by the addition of 10 µL Cleanascite …per 40 µL homogenate…”. Upon further processing, samples were analyzed by liquid-Chromatrography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) for proteomic comparisons.

Tissue Proteomics

Guldner, Ian H., et al. "Ageing promotes microglial accumulation of slow-degrading synaptic proteins ." Nature (2026): 1-12. In part through the use of Cleanascite™, combining protein aggregate isolation techniques with neuronal BONCAT labelling helped define the neuronal aggregome, a catalogue of neuronal proteins that contribute to protein aggregates in the aged brain.

Extracellular vesicle clearance/cell response

Nguyen, Doan C., et al. "Extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells support ex vivo survival of human antibody secreting cells ." Journal of extracellular vesicles 7.1 (2018): 1463778.

Cleanascite™-treatment of the secretome dramatically reduced ASC functional survival, … Similar reductions were also noted with the secretome of non-irradiated MSC when treated with Cleanascite ™ …”

da Silva Barreira, David, et al. "Membrane vesicles released by Lacticaseibacillus casei BL23 inhibit the biofilm formation of Salmonella Enteritidis ." Scientific Reports 13.1. “Next, we decided to remove all lipids from LC-CFS >100 and LC-CFS >3 fractions and their corresponding controls (MRS >100 and MRS >3) using a lipid removal reagent…Cleanascite; following the manufacturer’s instructions.” “The antibiofilm activity of the delipidated fractions (Lipid −) was then compared to the initial fractions (Lipid +) by crystal violet staining (Fig.) …we saw a significant increase in biomass formation with the delipidated LC-CFS > 3 fraction compared to the control (MRS > 3) and the untreated fractions.”

Biofluids

Arora, Pearl, et al. " Nanopore‐based detection of periodontitis biomarker miR31 in saliva samples. " Electrophoresis (2024).

Aberrations in the microRNAs (miRNA) levels have been the cause behind various diseases, including periodontitis. In this study, the researchers developed a label-free, real-time sensing method for the detection of miR31. When human saliva was tested however, extended pore blockage with large noise levels was noted due to the presence of interfering lipid or lipoprotein complexes. To circumvent this, the article states “we found that that the nonspecific pore blockage by the sample matrix could be significantly diminished by simply treating human saliva samples with Cleanascite. …By taking advantage of Cleanascite treatment , the saliva samples produced current modulations with similar signatures to that of the miR31-p5 duplex in the control (i.e., in water solutions).”

Guyon, Léna, Anne-Claire Groo, and Auré lie Malzert-Fre ́on. "Relevant Physicochemical Methods to Functionalize, Purify, and Characterize Surface-Decorated Lipid-Based Nanocarriers ." Molecular Pharmaceutics (2020).

“Conjugation of PPACK (a short chain peptide that inhibits thrombin) to liposomes was investigated through HPLC quantification of uncoupled peptide recovered from the supernatant after centrifugation of predialysis PPACK-liposomes mixed with Cleanascite™ lipid adsorption reagent . This indirect quantification was performed at a wavelength of 215 nm (detection of amide bond).”

Qin WH, Liu JT, Wang SP, Yang ZS, Wang KK, Hu B. Antibody array-based proteomic screening of novel biomarkers in malignant biliary stricture . Cancer Biomark. 2022;33(3):359-368. doi: 10.3233/CBM-210095. PMID: 34542063.

The article states “…bile was collected upstream from the biliary stricture, then mixed with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 and a protease inhibitor cocktail …, the supernatant was mixed with Cleanascite™ (Biotech Support Group, NJ, USA) to remove lipids. The article concludes that twenty proteins were found differentially expressed in malignant versus benign biliary strictures…”

Plasma/Serum

Zhao, Yuan, et al. "A Label-Free Nanopore Biosensor for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Detection of Actinomycin in Human Serum ." ACS Measurement Science Au (2025). To overcome serum matrix effects, the samples were first treated with Cleanascite™, demonstrating nanopore detection that holds promise for clinical applications.

Playford, M. P., et al. "HDL-associated vitamin D binding protein levels are inversely associated with necrotic plaque burden in psoriasis ." Atherosclerosis Plus 59 (2025): 32-38. Free Vitamin D Binding Protein (S-DBP) (also known as Gene GC) is an abundant protein in human serum, while a smaller pool is bound to lipoproteins like HDL and VLDL. The investigators sought to determine whether HDL-associated DBP and/or total serum DBP could serve as biomarkers for disease severity in psoriasis and cardiovascular disease. The article states “…determine whether DBP was found in HDL particles or just as a co fractioning protein from chromatography. Fractions 20 to 28 were treated with a lipid-removal agent (Cleanascite™) , and while this treatment removed many of the proteins in fractions 21 to 27, the non-lipidated ‘albumin’ fraction remained. At all tested concentrations of DBP, most remained unbound to the lipid removal agent demonstrating that DBP does not bind to Cleanascite™ in the absence of lipid .”

Huneault HE, Lo JS, Bai S, He Z, McPhaul MJ, Bril F, et al. Fasting intact insulin by mass spectrometry is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in youth . Hepatol Commun. 2024;8: e0582. https://doi.org/10.1097/ HC9.0000000000000582. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as NAFLD, is the most common liver disease in children and is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. This study sought to determine whether fasting intact insulin, measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, is associated with MASLD in children. The methods describe “Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute performed measurements of intact insulin and C-peptide… the samples were plated and mixed with the addition of internal standards (bovine insulin and a stable isotopically labeled [13C/15N] C-peptide) and Cleanascite delipidation reagent .”

Zheng, Wenshu, et al. " Nanopore-based disease diagnosis using pathogen-derived tryptic peptides from serum ." Nano Today 45 (2022): 101515. The article states “Treatment of digested serum samples with two commercial lipid removal agents revealed variable effectiveness in reducing these artifacts, with one reagent (LRA; synthetic calcium silicate hydrate) revealing little to no effect to reduce the frequency, duration, and extent of non-specific pore blockages… Serum digests treated with the second reagent (Cleanascite™) demonstrated the absence of these artifacts ”.

Chen, Chao, et al. " Obesity-driven oleoylcarnitine accumulation in tumor microenvironment promotes breast cancer metastasis-like phenotype ." Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2025). The article states “For the delipidation of mouse serum, Cleanascite was employed following the manufacturer’s protocol designed specifically for serum samples.

Dean, E. Danielle, et al. " Interrupted glucagon signaling reveals hepatic α cell axis and role for L-glutamine in α cell proliferation. " Cell metabolism 25.6 (2017): 1362-1373. The article states “For lipid removal, whole mouse serum was treated with Cleanascite™ prior to islet. Lipid removal was validated by HPLC to remove 99% of all phopsholipids, cholesterols, and triglycerides ….”.

Taylor, Steven W., et al. " A high-throughput mass spectrometry assay to simultaneously measure intact insulin and C-peptide ." Clinica Chimica Acta (2016). Cleanascite™ is shown both to improve LC-MS measurements, and validated in accordance with CLIA ’88 guidelines.

For a complete list of all Cleanascite™ Lipid Removal references, visit: http://www.biotechsupportgroup.com/References-s/138.htm#delipidation

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